Introduction
Anthropology; The article is; A Model For Development And Evolution Of Complex Morphological Structures. Published in 1991, the authors are;
- ATCHLEY, W. R – He was the head of Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614
- HALL, B. K.– He was in the Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1
The purpose of the article is to show the complex morphological structure of a mammal, how it develops and changes with time due to evolution and the factor of adaptation for better survival. This model was based on the premise that structural changes in the mammalian craniomandibular region are due to the act of natural selection that increases the strong and well adaptable features. Natural selection refines the process of integration of the various morphogenetic components in order for an organism to adapt to the different environmental changes that have occurred over time. The article focuses on the changes that have occurred on the skeletal and bone structure of mammals as far back as anthropology can proof.
The aim of the article is to establish that the morphological changes in the structure and functioning were due to several genetic and epigenetic factors. In order to establish the changes in which the current mammals change in their morphology, they closely examine an embryo in order to establish the developmental changes that occur in the organism before it achieves the final skeletal structure. This article addresses the development units; in this case, the development units are the cellular condensation characteristics that produce the embryonic stage of the crest cells.
Explanation
This methodology involves the use of the following as the items to consider; the number of cell in the skeletal condensation (n), the cell diffusion rate (r), the cell death rate (d), and the fraction of cells that are mitotically active during the condensation (f). The development units are analyzed in terms of the tissue differentiation process that they undergo. These include; osteogenesis, chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification.
In order to determine the changes and at exactly what stage they occurred the influence of the following factors on the development units is established. The factors are;
- The cell lineage that the cell arises from
- Inductive tissue interaction
- The cell differentiation regulation
- Extrinsic factors for instance hormones and muscles
According to the article, it was established that differences in mandibular morphology are not just affected by inheritable factors, but it is also subject to the process of natural selection. The divergent differences among organisms have occurred through changes in the above-mentioned development units (Richards, 1988).
The difference in skeletal makeup of organisms is subject to both nature and nurture and the effects of both factors have demonstrated diversity. At the same time, natural selection is meant to increases the chances of survival for the mammals (Jantz, 1981). This is the reason as to why the changes analyze from the above model from the embryo stage of the mammal to the point where the skeletal is fully developed. All the changes are to increase the efficiency of the structure in the functioning of the organism.
Conclusion
The article explains the effects of developmental and evolutionary changes on the morphological structure and functioning of a mammal. Based on proper scientific observation, analysis and evidence; the model proofs that indeed the changes that occur to the mammals are still occurring due to genetic and environmental issues. This model also explains the relationship between the cell differentiation process and the skeletal structure.
References
Atchley, W. R. Hall, B. K. (1991). A Model for Development and Evolution of Complex Morphological Structures. Biological Reviews, 66: 101–157. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1991.tb01138.x, Issue published online: 21 JAN 2008Article first published online: 21 JAN 2008.
Jantz, L. R. Ubelaker, H. D. (1981). Progress in Skeletal Biology of Plains Population, Cambridge University Press, London
Richards, D. G. (1988). Human Skeletal Biology: Contribution to the Understanding of the Skeletal Structure, Orthodox Print Press, New York
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