Managerial Finance in Johnson and Johnson

Managerial Finance – Johnson & Johnson

Company Overview

Johnson & Johnson (NYSE: JNJ) is a global conglomerate of over 250 different companies. The company did $61.1 billion in business in 2007, broken down into three main segments. The largest segment is Pharmaceuticals, which accounted for $24.9 billion, or 41%, of revenue. Medical Devices and Diagnostics earned $21.7 billion in revenue (35%); Consumer Products earned $14.5 billion (24%). The company’s operations are global in scope.

The Pharmaceuticals segment includes the firm’s two largest-selling products, Risperdal and Remicade, which combined account for 11% of total revenues. Within the Consumer Products segment are the company’s best-known brands, such as Johnson & Johnson, Listerine, Neutrogena and Nicorette. This segment sees almost half of its sales from outside the U.S., the highest percentage of any segment. New product launches in Consumer Products totaled almost 600 in 2007, compared with just a handful of new product launches each year in Pharmaceuticals. Pfizer Consumer Healthcare (PCH) was acquired in 2007 to help bolster the Consumer Products segment. The Medical Diagnostics and Devices segment makes JNJ the largest medical technology firm on the planet, with 80% of MD&D sales coming from businesses in the No.1 or No.2 market positions (Johnson & Johnson 2007 Annual Report).

Trend Analysis

Revenue increased by $2.652 billion in 2008, an increase of 4.34%. This represented the lowest percentage increase in revenue in the past five years. In 2007, revenue increased 14.5%; in 2006 it was 5.56% and in 2005 it was 6.68%. The past year was a challenge for many firms because of the slowing economy. Despite operating in an industry where demand is relatively inelastic, JNJ still felt the sting of the economic slowdown. Year-over-year results for Q4 show that revenues declined $775 million, or 4.8%. This indicates a trend not just towards slower sales growth but towards revenue reductions. The revenue decline is historic – the first in 75 years for JNJ. This biggest contributor was generic competition for breadwinner Risperdal, which caused a 41.4% decline in sales of that one-time powerhouse (Associated Press, 2009).

As sales overall saw strong growth in 2007, so too did segment sales. Growth was strongest in the Consumer Healthcare segment, at 48.3%. This growth was from $9.77 billion to $14.5 billion. The strong growth in this segment was the primary reason for the robust growth in overall revenues. The growth driver in 2007 was the acquisition of Pfizer Consumer Healthcare, which accounted for 40.3% growth alone. The other segments also have been on a solid upward trajectory. Pharmaceuticals grew at 6.9%, driven by a handful of strong products, including two that reached the $1 billion sales mark for the first time. Medical Devices & Diagnostics achieved growth of 7.2% in 2007, marking a strong overall growth trend. It will be interesting to see how these segments have performed in 2008, given that the company’s overall revenues have slumped.

Over the past five years, JNJ’s cost of revenue has increased steadily. This is expected, since the revenues have also increased steadily during that time. In 2008, the cost of revenues grew at a slower pace than did revenues, ending a two-year trend where the cost of revenues grew faster than did the revenues. Cost of revenues grew at 4.28% last year, 17.89% the year before, 7.47% in 2006 and 3.97% in 2005. Overall, the cost of revenues has increased 37.38% in the past four years, whereas revenues increased 34.6%.

Sales, General and Administrative expense has increased 32.8% in the past four years. While it is encouraging that this is slower than the rate of revenue increase, the trend in the past couple of years has been that SGA expense has increased faster than revenues. Some of this increase can be attributed to the integration of Pfizer Consumer Healthcare, as evidenced by the steep increase in SGA expense in the year of that acquisition, 2007.

Research and development expense has increased 41.7% in the past four years. The bulk of this increase occurred in fiscal 2005, which saw R&D expenses increase 20.9%. Since then, the trend has been towards slowing growth of R&D expense, to the point where in 2008 R&D expense decreased 1.3%. The acquisition of PCH has allowed for this, as has the move of several products that were in development in the mid-00s into the approval and marketing portion of the pipeline. Many of these have been in the MD&D segment, which has seen a number of key product launches in the past couple of years.

Interest expense has fluctuated in the past five years. For most of this period, JNJ was a net earner of interest, especially in 2005 and 2006. The past couple of years have seen that trend reverse, to the point where in 2008 JNJ incurred a net income expense of $74 million. This is directly attributable to a sharp increase in long-term debt over the past year.

Net Income has fluctuated over the past five years. 2005 and 2008 saw strong increases of 22.9% and 22.4% respectively. Net income leveled off more in the 2006-2007 period. On the strength of the two strong years, net income growth since 2004 has been 58.3%, which is much stronger than revenue growth. Indeed, revenue declined in 2008 but net income increased 22.4%. Further, when unusual items are removed from 2007 figures, that year also showed strong net income growth, indicating a two-year trend. The 2007 growth is expected, but the 2008 growth runs against expectations because of the lower revenues and weak economy.

Johnson & Johnson’s cash position has typically been strong over the past five years. Cash grew in 2005, but declined in 2006 due to acquisitions. Cash strength recovered in 2007, which is expected due the JNJ’s long-term trend towards improving their cash position. The interim 10-Q statements for 2008 reveal that over the first three quarters of the fiscal year, cash levels at JNJ continued to improve, almost to 2005 levels.

JNJ’s long-term debt held relatively steady from 2004 into 2006, but increased significantly during 2007, a reflection of acquisitions and the onset of slowing business. The most recent 10-Q filings show that long-term debt increased through Q2 of 2008, but began to decrease in Q3. Whether or not this represents a reversal of the trend towards increasing leverage at JNJ remains to be seen.

Cash from operating activities has consistently improved over the past four years. From 2004-2007 it increased 37.5%, less than net income but stronger than sales over the same time period. 10-Q filings indicate that JNJ’s cash flow from operations in the first three quarters of 2008 was already 32.9% higher than it was for the entire 2007, indicating a strong upward trend. Again, the improved performance in the face of a slumping economy and a declining top line indicate that JNJ has thus far been able to weather the economic downturn.

Ratio Analysis

The current Price/Earnings ratio for JNJ is 12.4, which is below both the industry and S&P averages. Traditionally, JNJ’s P/E ratio exceeds both of those averages. The present P/E ratio is near the 5-year low of 12.3, whereas industry and market averages are not. In the earlier part of this decade, JNJ’s P/E ratio was consistently above 25. This decline in P/E indicates that investors have less faith in JNJ’s ability to maintain its growth trajectory in the coming years, relative to other firms in the market.

In terms of liquidity, JNJ is a relatively liquid company.

As of Q3, their current ratio stood at 1.61, compared to an industry average of 1.1 and a market average of 1.2. Furthermore, their quick ratio is 0.65. While this is lower than the industry and market averages (both 0.9), it still reflects a liquid company. To further verify the claim that JNJ is liquid, they have an interest coverage of 229.8 times, compared with an industry average of 127.6 and a market average of 55.0.

The debt ratio at JNJ is 47.8% as of the end of Q3. The debt-to-equity ratio is thus 0.91, which compares favorably to the market (1.05) but not to the industry (0.35). Prior to the recent increase in long-term debt, the debt-to-equity ratio was 0.79 (fiscal 2006). This indicates that while JNJ has increased its long-term debt significantly, and this has resulted in an increase in overall leverage, the increase in overall leverage is not unreasonable nor is it dramatic.

Johnson & Johnson has been able to maintain margins in line with, or slightly better than, the industry norms. The gross margin is 71.0%, compared with 71.2% for the industry on average. Typically, JNJ’s gross margin is in line with the industry. In terms of net margin, JNJ has a 20.3% net margin compared with an industry average of 17.8%. This net margin outperformance of the industry is consistent with past results. Net margins for both have declined vs. their five-year averages.

JNJ has recorded a fairly consistent return on average shareholder’s equity over the past several years. According to the 2007 Annual Report (p. 76), ROE has ranged from 21.6% to 28.3% in recent years, with the 2007 figure being 25.6%. This reflects outperformance of both the industry and the market. The ROA has exhibited similar outperformance of both industry and market. The return on assets for JNJ over the past several years has ranged from 13.1% in 2007 to 17.l% in 2005. The industry five-year average is 8.85% and the market five-year average is 7.50%.

SWOT Analysis

Strengths

Net Income increased despite decline in revenues

Growth in each business segment

R&D expense growing slower than revenues

2-year upward trend in net income

Upward trend in cash levels

Upward trend in cash flow from operations

Current ratio 46.36% higher than industry

Interest coverage 80.09% higher than industry

Net margin 14.04% higher than industry

Return on Equity 1414.79% higher than industry

Return on Assets 48.02% higher than industry

Weaknesses

Decline in revenue this year (1st time in 75 years)

Cost of revenue increasing faster than revenue

SGA expense increasing faster than revenue

Incurred income expense for the first time in years

Increase in LT debt

Increase in overall leverage

P/E 10.19% lower than industry

Quick ratio 27.7% lower than industry

Debt-to-equity ratio 160% higher than industry

Gross margin 0.2% lower than industry

Opportunities

Further absorption of PCH can reduce costs

Strong emerging market performance

Geographic expansion of major consumer product lines

New pharmaceutical products, especially in HIV (PRESTIZA, ustekinumab)

7-10 new SEC filings in next 2 years

New MD&D products (REALIZE, ANIMAS insulin pump)

2.8 trillion in untapped health care market segments

Threats

Need for FDA approval for new drugs

Strong competition in most segments

Economic downturn hurts core U.S. market

Economic downturn stunts growth in lucrative emerging markets (especially BRIC)

Dependent on aging population for continued growth

Overall, Johnson & Johnson is a strong company. Their finances are stable and the company has demonstrated that they are able to identify and improve upon areas of financial weakness, such as the recent decline in cash holdings. They are a well-diversified firm, which allows them to weather weakness in any one segment. This does leave them exposed to broader economic downturns, and in 2008 they appear poised to post their first year of declining revenues in 75 years. However profits and cash flow from operations both grew in 2008 despite this. They are an industry leader and there is far more cause for optimism than pessimism given their current financial position. Their low P/E ratio is more indicative of an opportunity to buy than any long-term fundamental weaknesses in their financial statements or their market performance.

Recommendations

The current challenges facing Johnson & Johnson are largely based on struggles in the global economy. JNJ is very well-diversified, but further improvement of diversification will help them to kick start growth in the face of a slowing economy. To that end, the first recommendation is to increase their presence in emerging markets. While some markets are subject to the same slowdown facing the U.S., others such as Russia and Brazil are more insulated. The Chinese and Indian economies are hurting relative to their recent successes but again there are long-term opportunities in each of those nations. JNJ should expand into these countries to gain a measure of economic diversification.

The second recommendation is that Johnson & Johnson should increase research and development expenditures. This will allow them to move into new markets within their core health care and consumer product fields. More importantly it will allow them to have a multitude of quality drugs in the development pipeline when the economy begins to improve and the baby boomers are still in their prime health care spending years. After a couple of years of stabilized R&D expenses and faced with sharply declining sales in core products now subject to competition from generics, the time has come for JNJ to renew its commitment to new product development.

The third recommendation is that Johnson & Johnson should tap into the $2.8 trillion in health care segments in which they do not presently compete. They have strong advantages in terms of cost, brand and distribution that can enable them to be a formidable competitor in any medical product business they enter. They can achieve growth in the face of a slowing economy by expanding the breadth of their product offerings. They can take advantage of rock bottom equity prices and their strong cash position to purchase companies that will help them enter these new markets.

The fourth recommendation is that Johnson & Johnson should continue to pursue the most efficient capital structure. This means that they should continue to take advantage of their low multiple to buy back stock, and that they should increase their debt level. They have ample ability to cover an increased debt load and can be expected to have a very low cost of debt at current interest rate levels.

A fifth recommendation is that JNJ should seek to contain its cost of revenues. This has, in general, been increasing at a faster rate than have revenues. While overall JNJ’s gross margin is in line with past performance and with its performance in relation to the market, the company should take the approach that by being a leader in gross margin, they can increase their profits at a faster rate. Every 0.1% improvement on their gross margin is worth $80 million, so this is an area where JNJ can improve the bottom line rapidly.

The final recommendation is that JNJ should contain the growth in its Selling, General and Administration expense. This has been increasing more rapidly than sales in the past couple of years, which is cause for concern. In tougher economic times, the company should hold the line on this type of expenses and plow their money into more productive areas, such as R&D.

Works Cited

Financial Statements and Ratios from MSN Moneycentral. Retrieved January 27, 2009 at http://moneycentral.msn.com/investor/invsub/results/compare.asp?Symbol=U.S.%3aJNJand http://moneycentral.msn.com/investor/invsub/results/statemnt.aspx?symbol=JNJ

Johnson & Johnson 2007 Annual Report. Retrieved January 27, 2009 at http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/JNJ/531891617x0x171267/057640F8-B2C0-4B0F-9F54-7A24A553C3CE/2007AR.pdf

Ratios also from Reuters. Retrieved January 27, 2009 at http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/ratios?symbol=JNJ.N

Associated Press (2009). Profit Rises but Johnson & Johnson Expects a Weak Year. New York Times. Retrieved January 27, 2009 at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/21/business/21drug.html?ref=business

Annual Income Statement

Annual

Interim

In Millions of U.S. Dollars except for per share items)

Period Length

12 Months

Restated

Period Length

12 Months

Revenue

Other Revenue, Total

Total Revenue

Cost of Revenue, Total

Gross Profit

Selling/General/Admin. Expenses, Total

Research & Development

Depreciation/Amortization

Interest Expense, Net – Operating

Interest/Investment Income – Operating

Interest Expense (Income) – Net Operating

Unusual Expense (Income)

Other Operating Expenses, Total

Total Operating Expense

Operating Income

Interest Expense, Net Non-Operating

Interest/Invest Income – Non-Operating

Interest Income (Exp), Net Non-Operating

Gain (Loss) on Sale of Assets

Other, Net

Net Income Before Taxes

Provision for Income Taxes

Net Income After Taxes

Minority Interest

Equity in Affiliates

U.S. GAAP Adjustment

Net Income Before Extra. Items Accounting Change

Discontinued Operations

Extraordinary Item

Tax on Extraordinary Items

Net Income

Preferred Dividends

General Partners’ Distributions

Miscellaneous Earnings Adjustment

Pro Forma Adjustment

Interest Adjustment – Primary EPS

Income Available to Com Excl ExtraOrd

Income Available to Com Incl ExtraOrd

Basic Weighted Average Shares

Basic EPS Excluding Extraordinary Items

Basic EPS Including Extraordinary Items

Dilution Adjustment

Diluted Weighted Average Shares

Diluted EPS Excluding ExtraOrd Items

Diluted EPS Including ExtraOrd Items

DPS – Common Stock Primary Issue

Gross Dividends – Common Stock

Total Special Items

Normalized Income Before Taxes

Effect of Special Items on Income Taxes

Inc Tax Ex-Impact of Sp Items

Normalized Income After Taxes

Normalized Inc. Avail to Com.

Basic Normalized EPS

Diluted Normalized EPS

Interim Income Statement

Annual

Interim

In Millions of U.S. Dollars except for per share items)

Period Length

Months

Revenue

Other Revenue, Total

Total Revenue

Cost of Revenue, Total

Gross Profit

Selling/General/Admin. Expenses, Total

Research & Development

Depreciation/Amortization

Interest Expense, Net – Operating

Interest/Investment Income – Operating

Interest Expense (Income) – Net Operating

Unusual Expense (Income)

Other Operating Expenses, Total

Total Operating Expense

Operating Income

Interest Expense, Net Non-Operating

Interest/Invest Income – Non-Operating

Interest Income (Exp), Net Non-Operating

Gain (Loss) on Sale of Assets

Other, Net

Net Income Before Taxes

Provision for Income Taxes

Net Income After Taxes

Minority Interest

Equity in Affiliates

U.S. GAAP Adjustment

Net Income Before Extra. Items Accounting Change

Discontinued Operations

Extraordinary Item

Tax on Extraordinary Items

Net Income

Preferred Dividends

General Partners’ Distributions

Miscellaneous Earnings Adjustment

Pro Forma Adjustment

Interest Adjustment – Primary EPS

Income Available to Com Excl ExtraOrd

Income Available to Com Incl ExtraOrd

Basic Weighted Average Shares

Basic EPS Excluding Extraordinary Items

Basic EPS Including Extraordinary Items

Dilution Adjustment

Diluted Weighted Average Shares

Diluted EPS Excluding ExtraOrd Items

Diluted EPS Including ExtraOrd Items

DPS – Common Stock Primary Issue

Gross Dividends – Common Stock

Total Special Items

Normalized Income Before Taxes

Effect of Special Items on Income Taxes

Inc Tax Ex-Impact of Sp Items

Normalized Income After Taxes

Normalized Inc. Avail to Com.

Basic Normalized EPS

Diluted Normalized EPS

Annual Balance Sheet

Annual

Interim

In Millions of U.S. Dollars except for per share items)

Restated

Cash

Cash & Equivalents

Short-Term Investments

Cash and Short-Term Investments

Accounts Receivable – Trade, Net

Notes Receivable – Short-Term

Receivables – Other

Total Receivables, Net

Total Inventory

Prepaid Expenses

Other Current Assets, Total

Total Current Assets

Property/Plant/Equipment, Total – Gross

Accumulated Depreciation, Total

Property/Plant/Equipment, Total – Net

Goodwill, Net

Intangibles, Net

Long-Term Investments

Note Receivable – Long-Term

Other Long-Term Assets, Total

Other Assets, Total

Total Assets

Accounts Payable

Payable/Accrued

Accrued Expenses

Notes Payable/Short-Term Debt

Current Port. Of LT Debt/Capital Leases

Other Current liabilities, Total

Total Current Liabilities

Long-Term Debt

Capital Lease Obligations

Total Long-Term Debt

Total Debt

Deferred Income Tax

Minority Interest

Other Liabilities, Total

Total Liabilities

Redeemable Preferred Stock, Total

Preferred Stock – Non-Redeemable, Net

Common Stock, Total

Additional Paid-in Capital

Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit)

Treasury Stock – Common

ESOP Debt Guarantee

Unrealized Gain (Loss)

Other Equity, Total

Total Equity

Total Liabilities & Shareholders’ Equity

Shares Outs – Common Stock Primary Issue

Shares Outstanding – Common Issue

Total Common Shares Outstanding

Total Preferred Shares Outstanding

Interim Balance Sheet

Annual

Interim

In Millions of U.S. Dollars except for per share items)

Cash

Cash & Equivalents

Short-Term Investments

Cash and Short-Term Investments

Accounts Receivable – Trade, Net

Notes Receivable – Short-Term

Receivables – Other

Total Receivables, Net

Total Inventory

Prepaid Expenses

Other Current Assets, Total

Total Current Assets

Property/Plant/Equipment, Total – Gross

Accumulated Depreciation, Total

Property/Plant/Equipment, Total – Net

Goodwill, Net

Intangibles, Net

Long-Term Investments

Note Receivable – Long-Term

Other Long-Term Assets, Total

Other Assets, Total

Total Assets

Accounts Payable

Payable/Accrued

Accrued Expenses

Notes Payable/Short-Term Debt

Current Port. Of LT Debt/Capital Leases

Other Current liabilities, Total

Total Current Liabilities

Long-Term Debt

Capital Lease Obligations

Total Long-Term Debt

Total Debt

Deferred Income Tax

Minority Interest

Other Liabilities, Total

Total Liabilities

Redeemable Preferred Stock, Total

Preferred Stock – Non-Redeemable, Net

Common Stock, Total

Additional Paid-in Capital

Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit)

Treasury Stock – Common

ESOP Debt Guarantee

Unrealized Gain (Loss)

Other Equity, Total

Total Equity

Total Liabilities & Shareholders’ Equity

Shares Outs – Common Stock Primary Issue

Shares Outstanding – Common Issue

Total Common Shares Outstanding

Total Preferred Shares Outstanding

Annual Cash Flow Statement

Annual

Interim

In Millions of U.S. Dollars except for per share items)

Period Length

12 Months

Reclassified

Period Length

12 Months

Net Income/Starting Line

Depreciation/Depletion

Amortization

Deferred Taxes

Non-Cash Items

Changes in Working Capital

Cash from Operating Activities

Capital Expenditures

Other Investing Cash Flow Items, Total

Cash from Investing Activities

Financing Cash Flow Items

Total Cash Dividends Paid

Issuance (Retirement) of Stock, Net

Issuance (Retirement) of Debt, Net

Cash from Financing Activities

Foreign Exchange Effects

Net Change in Cash

Interim Cash Flow Statement

Annual

Interim

In Millions of U.S. Dollars except for per share items)

Period Length

Months

Period Length

12 Months

Period Length

Months

Net Income/Starting Line

Depreciation/Depletion

Amortization

Deferred Taxes

Non-Cash Items

Changes in Working Capital

Cash from Operating Activities

Capital Expenditures

Other Investing Cash Flow Items, Total

Cash from Investing Activities

Financing Cash Flow Items

Total Cash Dividends Paid

Issuance (Retirement) of Stock, Net

Issuance (Retirement) of Debt, Net

Cash from Financing Activities

Foreign Exchange Effects

Net Change in Cash

Valuation Ratios

Company

Industry

Sector

S&P 500

P/E Ratio (TTM)

P/E High – Last 5 Yrs.

P/E Low – Last 5 Yrs.

Price to Sales (TTM)

Price to Book (MRQ)

Price to Tangible Book (MRQ)

Price to Cash Flow (TTM)

Price to Free Cash Flow (TTM)

Owned Institutions

Dividends

Company

Industry

Sector

S&P 500

Dividend Yield

Dividend Yield – 5-Year Avg.

Dividend 5-Year Growth Rate

Payout Ratio (TTM)

Growth Rates

Company

Industry

Sector

S&P 500

Sales (MRQ) vs. Qtr. 1 Yr. Ago Sales (TTM) vs. TTM 1 Yr. Ago Sales – 5 Yr. Growth Rate

EPS (MRQ) vs. Qtr. 1 Yr. Ago EPS (TTM) vs. TTM 1 Yr. Ago EPS – 5 Yr. Growth Rate

Capital Spending – 5 Yr. Growth Rate

Financial Strength

Company

Industry

Sector

S&P 500

Quick Ratio (MRQ)

Current Ratio (MRQ)

LT Debt to Equity (MRQ)

Total Debt to Equity (MRQ)

Interest Coverage (TTM)

Profitability Ratios

Company

Industry

Sector

S&P 500

Gross Margin (TTM)

Gross Margin – 5 Yr. Avg.

EBITD Margin (TTM)

EBITD – 5 Yr. Avg

Operating Margin (TTM)

Operating Margin – 5 Yr. Avg.

Pre-Tax Margin (TTM)

Pre-Tax Margin – 5 Yr. Avg.

Net Profit Margin (TTM)

Net Profit Margin – 5 Yr. Avg.

Effective Tax Rate (TTM)

Effecitve Tax Rate – 5 Yr. Avg.

Management Effectiveness

Company

Industry

Sector

S&P 500

Return on Assets (TTM)

Return on Assets – 5 Yr. Avg.

Return on Investment (TTM)

Return on Investment – 5 Yr. Avg.

Return on Equity (TTM)

Return on Equity – 5 Yr. Avg.

Efficiency

Company

Industry

Sector

S&P 500

Revenue/Employee (TTM)

Net Income/Employee (TTM)

Receivable Turnover (TTM)

Inventory Turnover (TTM)

Asset Turnover (TTM)

Avg P/E

Price / Sales

Price / Book

Net Profit Margin (%)

Book Value / Share

Debt / Equity

Return on Equity (%)

Return on Assets (%)

Interest Coverage


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You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.

Will anyone find out that I used your services?

We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.

How our Assignment  Help Service Works

1.      Place an order

You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.

2.      Pay for the order

Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.

3.      Track the progress

You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.

4.      Download the paper

The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.

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